Physics beyond the Standard Model

Theories trying to extend known physics

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2025	CP violation The LHCb experiment discovered CP violation in baryons, expanding the understanding of this fundamental particle physics phenomenon.
March 2025	CP violation LHCb announced discovery of CP violation in baryon decays with a deviation from zero of 5.2 standard deviations. New Milestones in direct CP Violation: Observation in Baryons and First Evidence in Beauty Mesons to J/Psi \| EP News ep-news.web.cern.ch Breakthrough: CP Violation Established in Bayron Decays - University of Chineses Academy of Sciences news-en.ucas.ac.cn
2024	Modified Newtonian dynamics A study claimed that the universe's earliest galaxies formed and grew too rapidly to be explained by the Lambda-CDM model, but such rapid growth was predicted by MOND theory.
September 18 2024	Large Hadron Collider ATLAS reported the first observation of quantum entanglement between quarks, which was also the highest-energy observation of quantum entanglement to date.
April 5 2024	Large Hadron Collider Large Hadron Collider reaches its first stable beams in 2024.
2023	Modified Newtonian dynamics A research study concluded that cold dark matter cannot adequately explain galactic rotation curves, while MOND provides a more comprehensive explanation.
2023	Modified Newtonian dynamics A study measured the acceleration of 26,615 wide binaries within 200 parsecs, demonstrating systematic deviations from Newtonian dynamics and conformity with MOND (AQUAL) predictions. The results remain disputed among researchers.
March 20 2023	Large Hadron Collider Scientists observe lead ions for the first time in 5 years at the Large Hadron Collider.
2022	Modified Newtonian dynamics Kroupa et al. published a study of open star clusters, arguing that asymmetry in tidal tails and cluster lifetimes are inconsistent with Newtonian dynamics but consistent with MOND theory.
2022	Modified Newtonian dynamics A survey of dwarf galaxies from the Fornax Deep Survey (FDS) catalogue was published, with astronomers and physicists concluding that observed deformations of dwarf galaxies in the Fornax Cluster and the lack of low surface brightness dwarfs towards its centre are incompatible with ΛCDM expectations but consistent with MOND theory.
July 2022	Large Hadron Collider The third run of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) began after more than three years of upgrades, with the run planned to continue until July 2026.
July 5 2022	Large Hadron Collider LHCb reported the discovery of a new type of pentaquark composed of a charm quark, a charm antiquark, an up quark, a down quark, and a strange quark. This discovery was made through an analysis of decays of charged B mesons. In the same report, the first-ever pair of tetraquarks was also discovered.
July 5 2022	Large Hadron Collider LHC officially commenced its Run 3 physics season, expected to continue until 2026.
June 2022	Large Hadron Collider CERN announced its intention to terminate cooperation agreements with Belarus and Russia due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, with agreements set to expire in June and December 2024 respectively.
April 2022	Large Hadron Collider LHC reopens after more than three years of shutdown, resuming particle physics research.
April 2022	Large Hadron Collider Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) concluded, completing the maintenance and upgrade phase of the LHC.
April 25 2022	Large Hadron Collider LHC first achieved a collision energy of 13.6 TeV.
April 22 2022	Large Hadron Collider LHC became operational again with a new maximum beam energy of 6.8 TeV.
April 22 2022	Large Hadron Collider Large Hadron Collider becomes operational again after a period of shutdown.
2021	Neutrino oscillation Neutrino-4 experiment concluded, directly observing the neutrino oscillation effect with a parameter region of Δm² of (7.3 ± 0.13stat ± 1.16syst) eV² and sin²2θ14 ≈ 0.36 ± 0.12stat at a 2.9σ significance.
2021	Cosmological constant problem Nikita Blinov and Patrick Draper confirm through the holographic principle that the CKN bound predicts the measured cosmological constant while maintaining effective field theory predictions.
2021	Modified Newtonian dynamics Unnamed researchers proposed a new relativistic model of MOND that is compatible with cosmic microwave background observations.
2020	Dark matter A measurement of a unique MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) effect was recorded, offering another alternative explanation to dark matter.
2020	CP violation T2K Collaboration reported first indications of CP violation in leptons through neutrino beam experiments, though the results were not yet precisely determined.
2020	Modified Newtonian dynamics A group of astronomers analyzed data from the Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) sample and galaxy catalogs, finding statistically significant evidence of violations of the strong equivalence principle in weak gravitational fields near rotationally supported galaxies. Their findings were consistent with Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and inconsistent with the Lambda-CDM cosmological model.
October 2020	Light dark matter SENSEI experiment published its most recent results on ruling out possible mass ranges of dark matter below 1 GeV using silicon detector and CCD technology.
2019	Dark matter Observations of Andromeda showed a lack of microlensing effects, suggesting tiny black holes do not exist in significant numbers.
2019	Supergravity Dan Freedman, Sergio Ferrara, and Peter van Nieuwenhuizen were awarded a special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for their discovery of supergravity.
2019	Topcolor Topcolor theory was revisited with the concept of 'scalar democracy', proposing that multiple composite Higgs bosons could form at very high energies, potentially composed of known quarks and leptons bound by a universal force.
March 2019	CP violation LHCb announced discovery of CP violation in charmed D^0 decays, with a deviation from zero of 5.3 standard deviations.
2018	Large Hadron Collider LHC is shut down at the end of the year for maintenance and further upgrades.
2018	Cosmological constant problem A mechanism for cancelling the cosmological constant (Λ) is proposed using a symmetry breaking potential in a Lagrangian formalism, where standard matter's pressure counterbalances the cosmological constant's action.
2018	Cosmological constant problem Luongo and Muccino propose a mechanism for cancelling the cosmological constant using a symmetry breaking potential, suggesting that standard matter can counterbalance the vacuum energy.
December 10 2018	Large Hadron Collider Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) began, initiating a comprehensive maintenance and upgrade period for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the entire CERN accelerator complex, with the primary goal of implementing the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project to increase luminosity by a factor of 10.
December 3 2018	Large Hadron Collider Physics run stopped, including four weeks of lead-lead collisions.
November 12 2018	Large Hadron Collider End of 2018 proton operations at CERN.
July 2018	Kaluza–Klein theory A research article challenges the theory of gravity leaking into higher dimensions while supporting the shared dimensional nature of electromagnetism and gravity, lending partial credence to Kaluza-Klein theory.
June 2018	Large Hadron Collider CERN initiated the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider upgrade, designed to boost the accelerator's potential for new physics discoveries by increasing luminosity by a factor of 10.
April 17 2018	Large Hadron Collider Start of 2018 proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.
April 17 2018	Large Hadron Collider Physics run began.
2017	Large Hadron Collider LHC experiments discovered 59 new hadrons in the data collected during the first two runs.
2017	Large Hadron Collider Luminosity was increased to twice the design value, with a higher total number of collisions compared to 2016.
July 2017	Large Hadron Collider Analyses based on the 2016 dataset were presented, with more detailed studies of Higgs boson properties and improved precision of results.
2016	Neutrino oscillation Neutrino-4 experiment transitioned to a full-scale detector to continue investigating neutrino oscillation parameters.
2016	Dark matter A test of gravitational lensing in entropic gravity provided a scattered success for alternative hypotheses to dark matter.
August 2016	Large Hadron Collider Experiments did not confirm the existence of the hypothetical particle previously observed in the 750 GeV spectrum.
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This contents of the box above is based on material from the Wikipedia articles Cosmological constant problem, Mirror matter, Light dark matter, Topcolor, Neutrino oscillation, Large Hadron Collider, Dark matter, Mass generation, CP violation, Loop quantum gravity, Supergravity, Kaluza–Klein theory & Modified Newtonian dynamics, which are released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Physics beyond the Standard Model

See Also

Standard Model

Quantum field theory

CERN