Climatology
Scientific study of climate
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We include updates on Köppen climate classification, Taiga, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Oceanic climate, Tundra, Humid subtropical climate, Humid continental climate, Gulf Stream, Mediterranean climate, Temperate climate, Nuclear winter, Climate, Albedo, Desert climate, Tropical savanna climate, Semi-arid climate ... and more.
| 2025 |
Warming stripes
Warming stripes were included in the 'Pirouette: Turning Points in Design' exhibition at New York's Museum of Modern Art.
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| 2025 |
International Tundra Experiment
Chelsea Little begins leadership of the Garibaldi Park ITEX site.
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| April 2 2025 |
Warming stripes
Hawkins et al. updated the warming stripes graphs to include temperature trends for both oceans and atmosphere, highlighting that 90% of extra heat is stored in global oceans and warning about future temperature increases.
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| 2025 |
Nuclear winter
Toon et al. simulated a nuclear scenario involving a potential nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan, modeling atmospheric effects from nuclear weapon detonations ranging from 15 kt to 100 kt on urban areas.
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| 2024 |
Urban heat island
A study in Chennai, India, revealed that rooftop gardens could reduce indoor temperatures by up to 15°C compared to exposed roofs, demonstrating significant potential for thermal comfort and energy efficiency improvements.
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| 2024 |
Ocean heat content
A large-ensemble reanalysis estimated a 1961-2022 ocean warming trend of 0.43 ± 0.08 W/m², with a statistically significant acceleration rate of 0.15 ± 0.04 W/m² per decade.
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| 2024 |
Ocean heat content
World's oceans recorded their hottest temperatures in historical record, exceeding the previous 2023 maximum heat record.
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| 2024 |
Ocean heat content
Oceans became the hottest in historical record, exceeding the previous year's maximum and comprising the peak of the five highest ocean heat observations between 2020-2024.
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| 2024 |
International Tundra Experiment
Transition of site leadership, with Cassandra Elphinstone, Courtney Collins, and Nathalie Chardon completing their leadership term.
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| 2024 |
Nuclear winter
The Independent Study is scheduled to release its final report, providing a comprehensive assessment of nuclear winter research findings.
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| 2024 |
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
A paleoclimate study suggested El Niños had a strong influence on Earth's climate during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, associated with active volcanism.
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| May 2024 |
Warming stripes
Ed Hawkins received the Royal Geographical Society's Geographical Engagement Award for developing warming stripes.
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| 2023 |
Urban heat inequity
A policy brief revealed the intersection of urban heat island intensity, historical redlining, low-income Black neighborhoods, and clusters of violent crime, highlighting compounded vulnerabilities in these communities.
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| 2023 |
Urban heat inequity
A global study by Professor Kanging Huang and colleagues documented the accelerated increase of Urban Heat Island effects in the Global South compared to other regions of the world.
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| 2023 |
Urban heat island
A study in Rome demonstrated the effectiveness of urban heat island mitigation strategies, showing that increasing vegetation and altering pavement albedo, particularly using grass pavers, can significantly reduce urban temperatures.
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| 2023 |
Ocean heat content
World's oceans set a record for highest heat content, which would be subsequently broken the following year.
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| 2023 |
Nuclear winter
The U.S. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine initiated an Independent Study on Potential Environmental Effects of Nuclear War, aimed at comprehensively evaluating existing research on nuclear winter.
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| 2023 |
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
A CSIRO study found that climate change may have increased the likelihood of strong El Niño events by two times and strong La Niña events by nine times, finding consensus across different models and experiments.
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| 2023 |
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Recent El Niño event identified, continuing the long-standing pattern of irregular climate oscillations between 1900 and 2024.
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| 2023 |
Earth's energy budget
Most recent EEI measurement period from 1976 to 2023 indicates continued planetary heating, with an imbalance of 0.65 W/m2 and a 90% confidence interval of 0.48 to 0.82.
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| June 2023 |
Warming stripes
Pope Francis was presented with a warming stripes stole.
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| 2022 |
Causes of climate change
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported that carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere increased faster than ever before, due to sustained emissions and El Niño conditions.
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| 2022 |
Ocean heat content
Research revealed that 62% of anthropogenic warming in the North Atlantic along 25°N between 1850 and 2018 is stored in waters below 700 m, highlighting the deep ocean's role in heat absorption.
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| 2022 |
Ocean heat content
Completion of a 62-year period of analysis showing a warming trend of 0.43 ± 0.08 W/m² with a statistically significant acceleration rate.
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| 2022 |
International Tundra Experiment
Installation of 24 research plots, including Open Top Chambers (OTCs) and control plots, to study tundra ecosystem dynamics.
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| 2022 |
International Tundra Experiment
Establishment of the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) site at Garibaldi Park, with site leadership by Cassandra Elphinstone, Courtney Collins, and Nathalie Chardon.
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| 2022 |
International Tundra Experiment
A special issue was published highlighting recent research and findings from the ITEX network, which now includes more than 50 research sites in polar and alpine locations worldwide.
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| 2022 |
Urban heat island
IPCC Sixth Assessment Report published, highlighting how climate change amplifies the urban heat island effect, particularly in Asian cities at 1.5°C and 2°C warming levels.
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| October 2022 |
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Research published revealing that El Niño increases seedling mortality even in seasonally dry tropical forests in Chiang Mai, Thailand, potentially impacting long-term forest ecosystems.
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| August 2022 |
Nuclear winter
A peer-reviewed study published in Nature Food revealed that a full-scale nuclear war between the United States and Russia would result in direct deaths of 360 million people and indirect starvation deaths of over 5 billion people during a nuclear winter.
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| April 2022 |
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
In the spring of 2022, La Niña caused above-average precipitation and below-average temperatures in Oregon, with April being one of the wettest months on record.
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| April 2022 |
Warming stripes
Textiles from fashion designer Lucy Tammam featuring warming stripes won the Best Customer Engagement Campaign title in the Sustainable Fashion 2022 awards.
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| 2021 |
Nuclear winter
Researchers Coupe et al. conducted a simulation using the CESM-WACCM4 model to study the potential El Niño-like effects following nuclear conflict scenarios. They modeled six different nuclear scenarios producing between 5 to 150 Tg of soot, coining the term 'Nuclear Niño' to describe the resulting long-lasting changes in ocean currents.
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| 2021 |
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report summarized scientific understanding of ENSO, stating it is very likely that precipitation variance related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation will increase in the long term.
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| 2021 |
Scientific consensus on climate change
Krista Myers led a comprehensive survey of 2780 Earth scientists, finding that between 91% and 100% of climate scientists agreed that human activity is causing climate change, with 98.7% consensus among climate scientists.
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| 2021 |
Scientific consensus on climate change
A scientific study concluded that over 99% of scientific papers agree on the human cause of climate change, with the small percentage of dissenting papers containing errors or being non-replicable.
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| 2021 |
Urban heat island
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration funded Climate Adaptation Planning Analysis (CAPA) to conduct a Heat Mapping campaign across ten areas in Virginia, involving 213 volunteers who made 490,423 heat measurements across 70 routes.
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| 2021 | Klaus Hasselmann was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on climate modeling and understanding climate variability, specifically for explaining the connection between weather and climate through the concept of stochastic processes. |
| 2021 | Giorgio Parisi was awarded the other half of the Nobel Prize in Physics, primarily for work in theoretical physics, but also for contributing to the concept of stochastic resonance in climate systems. |
| January 2021 |
UAH satellite temperature dataset
UAH changed the baseline period for temperature anomalies from 1981-2010 to 1991-2020, updating their long-term temperature measurement methodology.
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| 2020 |
Ocean heat content
Argo program expanded to nearly 4000 robotic profiling floats globally.
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| 2020 |
Ocean heat content
Thwaites Ice Shelf and West Antarctic ice shelf breakup contributes approximately 10% of sea-level rise.
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| 2020 |
Ocean heat content
Approximately one-third of the added ocean energy had propagated to depths below 700 meters. First of the five highest ocean heat observations was recorded.
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| 2020 |
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
La Niña event occurred, continuing the observed pattern of periodic climate oscillations in the early 21st century.
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| 2020 |
Urban heat island
Bill S.4280 was introduced to the U.S. Senate to address urban heat issues, proposing a $100 million grant program through the National Integrated Heat Health Information System Interagency Committee (NIHHIS) to fund urban heat reduction projects such as cool roofs, pavements, and HVAC system improvements.
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| 2020 |
Earth's energy budget
Comprehensive energy inventory assessment reveals temperatures have increased almost everywhere for over 50 years, with oceans absorbing over 90% of excess energy.
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| 2020 |
Warming stripes
Hawkins was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the New Year Honours 'For services to Climate Science and to Science Communication'.
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| January 18 2020 |
Warming stripes
A 20-metre-wide artistic light-show installation of warming stripes was opened at the Gendarmenmarkt in Berlin, with the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences building illuminated with the graphics.
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| 2019 |
Causes of climate change
Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions reached 59 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent, with 75% being CO2, 18% methane, 4% nitrous oxide, and 2% fluorinated gases.
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This contents of the box above is based on material from the Wikipedia articles Causes of climate change, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Earth's energy budget, Urban heat inequity, International Tundra Experiment, UAH satellite temperature dataset, Urban heat island, Warming stripes, Ocean heat content, Nuclear winter, Climate variability and change & Scientific consensus on climate change, which are released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.